The Reformation: Luther and Calvin
The Catholic Reformation and confessionalization
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
Military change and "Enlightened Absolutism"
Commercial empire, constitutional government, and financial revolution
The French Revolution and Napoleon
The Industrial Revolution and urbanization
The rise of German nationalism
The first global economy and socialism
The First World War and Fascism
Communism, the Soviet Union, and the Second World War
Rebuilding Europe after 1945: the West and the European movement
Communist Europe, 1945-1989
After the fall of the Berlin Wall:new hopes and new challenges.
